This summer I visited several known graves of members of X-Troop in Normandy. Unfortunately, I wasn´t aware of the existence of the grave of Private Bernard Taylor (Ernst Tuchmann) and thus could not take any photos. Taylor is buried in the CWGC cemetery Ranville.
Here is the remarkable story of X-Troop and its men.
No. 3 Troop, No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando, often referred to as "X-Troop," was a unique and highly specialized unit within the British Army during World War II. It was primarily composed of German-speaking Jewish refugees, mainly from Germany and Austria, with some from other European countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia (from the Sudetenland). These men were driven by a profound desire to fight against the Nazi regime that had persecuted them and their families.
Approximately 70,000 to 80,000 German-speaking people (including Germans, Austrians, Czechoslovakians and Hungarians) emigrated to Great Britain during the 1930s. Of these, approximately 50,000 to 60,000 were adult Jews who fled from the Nazi regime for racist reasons, another 10.000 adults fled Germany for reasons of political persecution (Catholics, Socialists, Communists etc.).
Many of the immigrants were between 30 and 60 years old, including numerous scientists, artists, journalists, and doctors. The University of Oxford and the University of London took in many academic refugees, including many middle-aged people. The proportion of older refugees (over 60 years of age) was low, partly due to the difficulties of travel and restrictive British visa policy. Great Britain often preferred younger or able-bodied refugees.
In addition, approximately 10,000 mostly Jewish children were brought to Great Britain without their parents as part of the so-called Kindertransporte from 9. November 1938 (November pogroms or Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass) and 1. September 1939 (outbreak of the war, when Germans were no longer allowed to emigrate). This group was almost exclusively under the age of 17, often between the ages of 6 and 15. There were between 40 to 50 such Kindertransporte from Germany to Great Britain, the first transport reached England on 2. December 1938 (three weeks after the November pogroms), the last left mainland Europe on 31. August 1939, one day before the outbreak of the war.
Adults needed a visa, often a work visa, student visa, or entry by invitation with a guarantee of support (known as an affidavit of support). Entry was particularly difficult for older or poor refugees, as they were considered “unproductive” immigrants. Many were only accepted if they did not intend to stay permanently or if they planned to travel on to another country (e.g., the US, Palestine, Australia).
Many well-known personalities (Scientists, artists, and intellectuals) fled to Great Britain which became a major haven for scientists expelled from German universities under the 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. The Academic Assistance Council in London helped relocate dozens of professors and researchers, many of whom went on to distinguished careers in Britain or the Commonwealth.
Many German or Austrian scientists like
• Ernst Chain – Biochemist, co-developer of penicillin; fled Berlin in 1933, joined Oxford’s Dunn School of Pathology;
• Max Born – Nobel Prize–winning physicist; expelled from Göttingen in 1933, became professor at Cambridge and later Edinburgh;
• Hans Krebs – Biochemist (Krebs cycle); fled Freiburg in 1933, worked in Cambridge and Sheffield;
• Hermann Bondi – Physicist; fled Vienna in 1937, became prominent in British cosmology;
• Erwin Schrödinger – Nobel physicist (wave mechanics); left Austria after Nazi takeover in 1938, worked briefly in Oxford.
found a new scientific and personal home in Great Britain.
Others were workers with specific skills, some were specifically accepted to strengthen the economy.
Small contingents of religious Jews and rabbinical students were granted entry visas through religious organizations.
As said above, at the outbreak of the war, some 70.000 – 80.000 German speaking refugees had fled to Great Britain.
With the outbreak of war, a wave of anti-German hysteria swept through Britain. After France's defeat and the fall of Dunkirk (June 1940), fears of a fifth column (internal saboteurs) grew. The government under Prime Minister Winston Churchill hastily ordered a mass deportation: “Collar the lot!” was the frequently heard incitement. There was little differentiation between actual Nazis and Jewish refugees.
In 1940, over 27,000 “enemy aliens” were interned, including approximately 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish refugees (despite their hatred for the Nazis). Many were housed in camps such as the Isle of Man or Hutchinson Camp. Some were even deported to countries like Canada and Australia. One of the most infamous deportations was aboard the HMT Dunera (HMT = Hired Military Transport), which took 2,500 internees (among them 450-500 Jews) to Australia in harsh conditions. The policy changed in 1941, and many were released or allowed to make themselves useful (e.g., in the army or industry).
Eager to contribute to the war effort, they were initially permitted to enlist in the Pioneer Corps, a non-combatant branch of the British Army primarily tasked with labor and engineering duties. Approximately 10,000 to 12,000 German-speaking Jewish refugees (mainly from Germany and Austria) who had fled to Great Britain voluntarily joined the British Army in the Pioneer Corps to fight against Nazi Germany.
In spring 1942, Lord Louis Mountbatten, then head of Combined Operations, had the idea to form a special commando unit that could leverage the language skills and motivation of these German-speaking refugees. In July 1942, a call for volunteers went out to the alien companies of the Pioneer Corps. On July 24, 1942, those selected arrived for intensive training in Wales and Scotland, where they were forged into elite commandos. About 120 men were initially considered and began training but not all of them ultimately joined No. 3 Troop. In the end, 87 men made it through the rigorous selection process and qualified to become a Commando. As one X-Trooper (Peter Masters) stated: “Getting back at the Nazi was an ever-present motivation in No. 3 Troop “...our Jewish Commando was the very antithesis of the ‘lambs to the slaughter’ allegations”.
The training the men of No. 3 Troop underwent in Wales was foundational to their transformation from refugees and pioneers into elite commandos. It was designed to be one of the most physically and mentally demanding military courses in the world.
The primary location for the initial, brutal phase of their training was the Commando Basic Training Centre (CBTC) in Aberdyfi (sometimes spelled by its anglicized name, Aberdovey), a coastal town in Gwynedd, Wales. The rugged, unforgiving landscape of the surrounding area—with its steep cliffs, harsh mountains, and cold sea—was deliberately chosen as the perfect environment to forge these elite soldiers.
The basic commando course they undertook lasted approximately five to six weeks, though their overall training period was much longer as they moved on to more specialized instruction.
The selection process was relentless. The training itself was the filter, designed to "weed out" any man who was not up to the exceptionally high standards required. Instructors, many of them hardened veterans, pushed the recruits to their absolute physical and mental limits. There was no room for failure or hesitation.
While exact figures for every course vary, the attrition rate was significant. For the specific cohort that would become X Troop, sources like Leah Garrett's "X Troop" indicate that an initial group of around 120 volunteers was whittled down through injury, failure to meet the standards, or voluntary withdrawal until the final, core group of 87 men remained. This represents a "weeding out" rate of nearly 30%, a testament to the course's difficulty.
The training regimen at Aberdyfi was comprehensive and brutal. Its goal was to produce a soldier who was self-reliant, physically robust, and mentally unbreakable. Key components included:
- Grueling Physical Conditioning: This was the cornerstone. It included daily speed marches of 7 miles to be completed in one hour while carrying a 36lb (16kg) pack and rifle, forced marches over mountains, and log-carrying exercises designed to build teamwork and sheer strength.
- Assault Courses: The infamous assault courses at Aberdyfi were designed to simulate the chaos of battle. Recruits had to navigate complex obstacles involving high walls, tunnels, and rope swings, often while under the stress of instructors firing live ammunition and setting off small explosive charges nearby.
- Amphibious and Cliff Assaults: Given the Commandos' role as amphibious raiders, this was a critical skill. The men spent countless hours in the cold Welsh sea, learning to operate small landing craft (LCAs). They practiced storming beaches and, most famously, used ropes and climbing gear to scale the sheer, treacherous cliffs along the coast, simulating assaults on coastal fortifications.
- Weapons and Demolitions: Trainees had to become experts in a variety of British and, crucially for X Troop, German weapons. They learned to strip, clean, and fire enemy machine guns and pistols in complete darkness. They were also extensively trained in the use of explosives for demolition and sabotage.
- Advanced Fieldcraft and Silent Killing: The curriculum included day and night navigation, map reading, camouflage, and survival skills. A huge emphasis was placed on close-quarters combat and silent killing techniques, for which the iconic Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife was the primary weapon. The men were taught how to move with complete stealth and eliminate sentries without raising an alarm.
In essence, the training in Wales was designed to strip away the civilian and remold the man into a Commando. It forged an incredible bond between the men who endured it together and equipped them with the physical prowess and psychological resilience necessary to operate deep behind enemy lines.
Those 87 men who were accepted all adopted English-sounding names (nommes de guerre) and were sworn to secrecy in order to protect their identities and their families who might still be in enemy-occupied territory. This secrecy led to Winston Churchill reportedly dubbing them "X-Troop," with the "X" signifying the unknown.
Five Czech (Platt, Rice, Latimer, Bate, and Smith, all from the Sudetenland) X-Troopers participated in the disastrous raid on the fortified port of Dieppe on 19th August 1942, which was the first deployment of X-Troopers shortly after the unit was established. In 1943 a significant contingent of X-Troopers was deployed in North Africa and Sicily/Italy.
In preparation of the Normandy landings, members of X-Troop also participated in numerous beach reconnaissance missions, such as Operation Tarbrush. Operation Tarbrush was a series of clandestine British Commando raids conducted in May 1944 along the northern coast of France. Executed by No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando, the primary objective of these missions was to gather crucial intelligence on German beach defenses, particularly the nature and layout of mines and obstacles, in preparation for the impending Allied invasion of Normandy. The intelligence gathered was vital in helping to create the strategy for clearing beaches and minimizing casualties during the main assault.
The operation was divided into several individual missions, each with a specific target. Not all of these missions were successful. Operation Tarbrush 10, on May 17-18, 1944, at Onival, resulted in the capture of the two-man team after they were landed in the wrong location. The two-man team selected for this perilous mission was Lieutenant George Lane (X-Troop) and Captain Roy Wooldridge (Royal Engineers). The objective was to conduct a reconnaissance of the beach defenses near Onival, in the vicinity of Cayeux-sur-Mer. Their plan was to land covertly from a motor torpedo boat, examine the German fortifications, and return with vital information. However, the operation went awry from the outset. The commandos were landed in the wrong location, a mistake that proved to be fatal to the mission's success. Disoriented and operating in unfamiliar territory, they were soon detected by German forces. A German E-boat was dispatched to investigate, and Lane and Wooldridge were captured.
What followed for Lieutenant George Lane was an extraordinary and life-saving turn of events. Instead of facing immediate execution under Hitler's "Commando Order," which mandated the summary execution of captured commandos, Lane was taken to the headquarters of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, the commander of the German forces in the region, located at the Château de La Roche-Guyon.
The reason for this unusual meeting was likely Rommel's desire to personally interrogate a captured commando to gain any possible intelligence about Allied invasion plans. Lane, whose real name was Lanyi György, was a Hungarian Jewish refugee who had adopted a British persona to protect himself and his family.
The encounter between the young lieutenant and the seasoned Field Marshal was surreal. According to historical accounts, including Lane's own testimony, he was offered tea by Rommel. The Field Marshal, through an interpreter, questioned Lane about the impending invasion. Lane, for his part, skillfully parried the questions, feigning ignorance and maintaining his cover as a Welsh officer.
Lane himself believed that this personal intervention by Rommel saved his life. By treating him as a legitimate prisoner of war rather than a saboteur to be executed, Rommel defied the standing order from Hitler. Following this remarkable meeting, Lane was transferred to a standard prisoner-of-war camp, Oflag IX-A/H at Spangenberg Castle, where he remained until the end of the war. His story stands as a peculiar and fascinating footnote in the history of covert operations during the Second World War.
And then, two weeks later, on June 6, 1944, came D-Day, Operation Neptune and the landings of Allied forces in Normandy.
One Officer (CO Major Bryan Milton-Jones, affectionately called "Skipper" by his men) and 43 other ranks (44 men in total) of X-Troop participated in Operation Neptune. This represented the balance of the entire No. 3 Troop (less those deployed in Italy and six men sent to officer training, OCTU, shortly before the Normandy landings took place).
The strategic value of No. 3 Troop lay in their linguistic and intelligence skills, so they were not deployed as a single unit. Instead, the 44 members available for D-Day were distributed in small teams or as individuals across the eight Commando Units of the two Special Service (Commando) Brigades, i.e. the 1st Special Service (Commando) Brigade (Brigadier Lord Lovat) and the 4th Special Service (Commando) Brigade (Brigadier B. W. Leicester) that spearheaded the amphibious assaults.
Each detachment consisted of four or five men led by a sergeant or lance-sergeants with corporals as their second-in-command. The exception was the detachment to No. 6 Commando which was let by a corporal with a lance-corporal as second-in-command.
One X-Trooper was attached to HQ 2nd British Army, two men (among them Major Hilton-Jones) were attached to the HQ of Lord Lovat’s 1st Special Service (Commando) Brigade, seven men to No. 3 Commando, six men to No. 4 Commando, six men to No. 6 Commando, four men to No. 45 Royal Marines Commando, two men to the HQ of Brigadier B.W. Leicester’s 4th Special Service (Commando) Brigade, four men to No. 41 Royal Marines Commando, three men to No. 46 Royal Marines Commando, six men to No. 47 Royal Marines Commando and three men to No. 48 Royal Marines Commando.
The X-Troopers were used in battlefield conditions for interrogation and identification, treatment and exploitation of prisoners (use of prisoners as guides walking ahead and thus avoiding minefields or to make them assist in the evacuation of wounded and to help carrying equipment), interpretation of captured documents (e.g. minefields, defensive positions, troop strengths, tactical signs) and fighting patrols (an important offensive function as specialized recce troops with particular reference to road signs, vehicle markings, military abbreviations on signposts and enemy weapons).
As all X-Troopers spoke the German language perfectly, German prisoners opened up to their interrogators much easier and sometimes even enjoyed talking to them. Therefore, much more information was forthcoming compared to ordinary interrogation methods by English personnel and prisoners could be easier and faster “convinced” to reveal information to their captors.
The Normandy campaign was particularly costly for No. 3 Troop. Of the 44 members who participated in the D-Day landings and the subsequent battles, the casualty rate was exceptionally high. Sources indicate that 27 men became casualties or were taken prisoner in Normandy, with 11 men KIA or MIA in Normandy. 21 members of the troop were KIA throughout the war.
19 men of the 87 X-Troop members became officers, most of them were commissioned in the field for specific acts of bravery. X-Troop members won one MC, one MM, one Croix de Guerre, one MBE, one BEM, one Certificate of Commendation and three Mentioned in dispatches.
I certainly don't mean to diminish the bravery and accomplishments of everyone in X-Troop. However, I'm going to briefly tell you the incredible stories of two X-Troop members: George Lane and Fred Gray.
George Lane (born Lanyi György)
Lanyi György was born in Rechnitz, Austria-Hungary, on February 18, 1915.
At the outbreak of war, like many "enemy aliens", he was briefly interned. However, determined to fight the Nazis, he volunteered for the British Army's Pioneer Corps. In 1943, his fluency in German, intimate knowledge of the continent, and fierce motivation led to his recruitment into No. 3 Troop of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando, more famously known as "X Troop." Lane participated in several high-stakes reconnaissance missions ahead of the D-Day landings, most notably as part of Operation Tarbrush.
During his final mission on the night of May 17-18, 1944, he was captured by German forces. In a now-famous episode, he was taken for interrogation to the headquarters of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. This personal intervention by Rommel likely saved Lane from summary execution under Hitler's "Commando Order," and he was instead sent to a prisoner-of-war camp for the remainder of the war.
After the war, George Lane became a successful businessman in the textile industry. For decades, he rarely spoke of his extraordinary wartime experiences. He passed away in London on February 9, 2010, at the age of 94, leaving behind a legacy of courage, resilience, and quiet heroism as one of the last surviving members of the legendary X-Troop.
"Suddenly, out of the darkness, a voice shouted, 'Hände hoch!' ('Hands up!'). Well, that was it. The game was up."
"I was taken to a magnificent château which, I found out later, was Rommel’s headquarters. And there I was, this grubby little lieutenant, being offered tea by a Field Marshal. It was the most surreal and absurd situation."
"He asked me, 'So when is the invasion coming?' I told him I was just a junior officer and didn't know anything. I said, 'Even if I knew, I wouldn't tell you. And if I did tell you, you wouldn't believe me anyway.'
Rommel just smiled."
– Lanyi György –
Fred Gray (born Manfred Gans)
Born in Borken, Germany, in 1922 to a family with deep roots in the town, Gans experienced a comfortable childhood that was abruptly shattered by the rise of the Nazi regime. His family, who were Orthodox Jews, faced increasing persecution, and in 1938, his parents made the difficult decision to send the 16-year-old Manfred to England for his safety. He was supposed to stay for a summer to learn English, but as the situation in Germany worsened, his parents urged him to remain in Britain.
Following the outbreak of war, Gans was classified as an "enemy alien" and briefly interned on the Isle of Man. Determined to fight Hitler's regime, he enlisted in the British Army's Pioneer Corps as soon as regulations permitted. His fluency in German and his unwavering resolve soon brought him to the attention of military intelligence. In 1943, he was recruited into the clandestine No. 3 Troop of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando. To protect his identity in case of capture, he adopted the English-sounding alias Fred Gray.
Attached to No. 41 Royal Marine Commando, Gans landed on Sword Beach on D-Day, June 6, 1944. He fought through the brutal Normandy campaign and across Northwest Europe, using his language skills to infiltrate enemy lines, encourage surrenders, and interrogate prisoners, providing invaluable intelligence to the advancing Allied forces. He was noted for his courage and received a field promotion to officer.
Perhaps his most remarkable exploit occurred immediately after Germany's surrender in May 1945. Acting on a tip that his parents might be alive in the recently liberated Theresienstadt concentration camp, Gans, then an officer, took a jeep and a driver and embarked on a perilous, unauthorized journey across a chaotic and still-dangerous Germany. Against all odds, he reached the camp and was miraculously reunited with his parents, Moritz and Else, who had survived the horrors of the Holocaust.
After the war, Gans served as a Deputy Commander in the intelligence section of a prisoner of war camp for high-ranking Nazis. He later became a British citizen, married his childhood sweetheart, Anita Lamm, and emigrated to the United States in 1950. He settled in New Jersey, where he had a successful career as a chemical engineer and raised a family. He documented his incredible life story in a memoir titled "Life Gave Me a Chance."
Manfred Gans passed away in 2010.
“It wasn’t my country, but it was my war.”
“I didn’t want revenge. I wanted them to stop killing.”
– Manfred Gans –
After the war, No. 10 Commando was disbanded in September 1945. Many of the surviving members of No. 3 Troop continued to serve in the Allied Control Commission in Germany, where their language skills were invaluable during the denazification process. Despite their heroic service, it took some time for these men to be granted British citizenship, and for a period after the war, some were still technically considered "enemy aliens."
Even today, many people can still draw inspiration from the courage of the men of X Troop: not every Jew, not every German, not every Austrian, and not every Czech stood idly by in the face of Nazi tyranny and Nazi crimes. As former X Trooper “Peter Masters” wrote: “Taking revenge on the Nazis was an ever-present motivation.”
The story of No. 3 Troop is a poignant testament to the courage and sacrifice of a group of men who fought for the country that had given them refuge against the tyranny that had driven them from their homes.
As mentioned above, the Commando Roll of Honor lists 20 members of X-Troop as KIA or MIA during the war. Martin Sugarman and Leah Garrett state that 21 men were KIA or MIA.
I was able to track down the graves of ten of these men, who fought and died in Normandy. Another two men, who fought in Normandy and are MIA are commemorated at the Bayeux Memorial.
If you are visiting Normandy or are a tour guide and would like to pay your respects to one or more of the X-Troopers who fell in battle in Normandy, here is some information of their burial sites:
Private Richard George Arlen
(Abramovicz, R.), att. to 45 RMC, commemorated at the Bayeux Memorial. Born January 4, 1923, MIA June 7, 1944, at Franceville Plage.
Lance Corporal Harry Andrews
(Hans Richard Arenstein), att. to 47 RMC, buried in Ranville Cemetery, Plot info: IA. M. 4. Born February 18, 1942, KIA August 10, 1944, at Sannerville.
Private Frederick Fletcher
(F. Fleischer), att. to 6 Commando, buried in Ranville Cemetery, Plot info: IVA. M. 12. KIA June 11, 1944, at Amfreville/Le Plein.
Corporal George Mack Franklyn (Max Gunther Frank) att. to 4 Commando, buried in Hermanville Cemetery, Plot info: 3. A. 7. Born April 30, 1923, KIA June 6, 1944, at Sword Beach.
Sergeant Eugene “Didi” Fuller
(Eugen von Kagerer-Stein) att. to 47 RMC, buried in Ranville Cemetery, Plot info: IA. G. 2. Born December 19, 1913, KIA June 13, 1944, Orne Bridgehead.
Private Kenneth Wakefield Graham
(Kurt Wilhelm Gumpertz), att. to 4 Commando, buried in Hermanville Cemetery, Plot info: 1. K. 7. Born June 27, 1919, KIA June 12, 1944, Amfreville/Le Plein.
Private Max Laddy
(Max Lewinsky), att. to 47 RMC, buried in Hermanville Cemetery, Plot info: 1. E. 2. Born August 19, 1911, KIA June 6, 1944, Gold Beach near Asnelles.
Lance Corporal Ernest Richard Lawrence
(Ernst Richard Lenel), att. to 3 Commando, commemorated at the Bayeux Memorial. Born October 26, 1918, MIA June 23, 1944, at Amfreville.
Lance Corporal Peter Moody
(Kurt Meyer), att. to HQ 4 SSB, buried in Ranville Cemetery, Plot info: IA. B. 11. Born September 28, 1918, KIA June 13, 1944, Orne Bridgehead.
Private Ernest Norton
(Ernst Nathan), att. to 48 RMC, buried in Ranville Cemetery, Plot info: IA. A. 11. Born August 19, 1922, KIA June 13, 1944, Orne Bridgehead.
Private Bernard Taylor
(Ernst Tuchmann), att. to 3 Commando, buried in Ranville Cemetery, Plot info: VIII. B. 9. Born March 6, 1924, KIA June 11, 1944, near Chateau d'Amfreville.
Private Ernest George Webster
(Ernst Georg Weinberger), att. to 47 RMC, buried in Bayeux Cemetery, Plot info: XV. D. 6. Born August 11, 1916, KIA June 6, 1944, Gold Beach near Asnelles.
The Commando Prayer
Teach us, Good Lord
To serve Thee as Thou deservest
To give and not to count the cost
To fight and not to heed the wounds
To toil and not to seek for rest
To labour and not to ask for any reward
Save that of knowing that we do Thy Holy will
Through the same Jesus Christ Our Lord, Amen